Human Anatomy and
Physiology 242
Study Guide: Test #4
G. Brady
and G. Blevins
(Page numbers are for Martini, 6th
Edition)
Chapter 12: Neural Tissue
1) Know the subdivisions of the nervous system:
central nervous system (CNS), Peripheral nervous system (PNS), cranial nerves,
spinal nerves, afferent neurons, efferent neurons, Somatic nervous system
(SNS), Autonomic nervous system (ANS)/sympathetic and parasympathetic ANS
branches.
2) Know the different types of Neuroglia cells and their function for both the CNS and
PNS. Pages 392-395
3) Know the histological structures associated
with neurons and nerves listed on the nervous system list.
4) Know
the classification of neurons: Multipolar, Bipolar,
and Unipolar.
5) Know the difference
between Gray and White matter. Also its location in the brain
and spinal cord.
6) Understand the process of nerve conduction and
the following terms associated with conduction: membrane potential, resting
potential, current, leakage channels, voltage-gated ion channels,
chemically-gated ion channels, polarized, depolarized, repolarized,
hyperpolarized, graded potential, action potential, threshold stimulus,
absolute refractory period, relative refractory period, propagation,
All-or-None Principle, continuous conduction, and saltatory
conduction.
7) Understand the process of nerve action
potential, transmission at nerve synapses. Also know the following concepts or
structures associated with synapses: presynaptic
neurons, postsynaptic neurons, electrical synapses, gap junctions, chemical
synapses, synaptic cleft, synaptic end bulb, synaptic vesicle, voltage-gated
calcium channels, neurotransmitter receptors, EPSP, and IPSP.
8) Know the following neurotransmitters:
acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin
and dopamine. Table 12-6, P 416; Pages 412-419.
9) Know the following disorders
of the nervous system:
Multiple sclerosis, hyperkalemia and
rabies. (page 423-424).
Chapter 13: Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
1) Know
the structures associated with spinal cord listed on the nervous system list.
2) Know
the arrangement of the meninges around the brain and
spinal cord. Pages 434.
3)
Understand what is meant by a reflex arc and know the components which
fit together into a pathway: Receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center,
motor neuron, and effector. Pages 430, 448-450.
4) Know the
components and connective tissue coverings of a spinal nerve: epineurium, perineurium,
fascicle, endoneurium, nerve fiber. P. 438.
5) Know the major
plexuses of the spinal nerves along with the following nerves:
a)
plexuses: cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral
b)
Nerves: phrenic, axillary, ulnar, median, radial, genitofemoral, femoral, sciatic nerve (tibal,
peroneal branches) and pudendal
(Refer
to pages 441-446)
6).
Understand the innervation pattern of
spinal nerves based upon the distribution of dermatomes. (Refer to fig 13-10, page 440)
7) Know
the basic pathways and the components of the following reflex arc:
a)
patellar (stretch) reflex (p. 451)
b) tendon
reflex (p. 453)
c)
flexor (withdrawal) reflex (p. 453)
d) crossed extensor reflex (p. 454)
CHAPTER 14: The Brain and Cranial
Nerves
1) Know the structures associated with the brain
listed on the nervous system list.
2) Know the structures associated with embryonic
development of the brain: (primary and secondary vesicles) P. 466.
Primary: prosencephalon, mesencephalon,
rhombencephalon
Secondary: telencephalon, diencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon
3)
Know where cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced, how
CSF contributes to homeostasis, and the circulation
pathway for CSF. Be sure to include the following structures: ependymal cells, choroid
plexuses, lateral ventricles, interventricular
foramina, third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle, central canal, subarachnoid space, arachnoid villi, superior sagittal sinus
P. 467-471
4) Know the following structures, and their
function, associated with the brain stem:
Medulla Oblongata: cardiovascular center, medullary
rhythmicity area, cranial nerves (IX, X, Xl, XII)
Pons: pneumotaxic area, apneustic area, cranial nerves (V, VI, VII, VIII) Mesencephalon: cerebral
peduncles, corpora quadrigemina (superior and
inferior colliculi), substantia
nigra, reticular formation, reticular activating
system.
5) Know the following structures, and their
function, associated with the Diencephalon.
Pineal gland: melatonin
Thalamus: intermediate mass, medial geniculate nucleus (hearing), lateral geniculate nucleus (vision), ventral posterior nucleus
(taste), cognition
Hypothalamus: mammillary bodies
and infundibulum, and the chief functions of the
hypothalamus
6)
Know the following structures associated with the
cerebellum and the basic function of the cerebellum: arbor vitae, inferior,
middle, and superior cerebellar peduncles.
7) Know the following structures, and their
function, associated with the Cerebrum:
Surface anatomy:
cerebral cortex, gyri, sulci,
longitudinal fissure, falx cerebri,
central sulcus, precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus, lateral cerebral sulcus,
transverse fissure, parieto-occipital sulcus
Lobes: frontal,
parietal, temporal, occipital, insula
Functional Areas: primary auditory area, auditory association area,
primary visual area, visual association area, somatosensory
association area, primary somatosensory area, primary
motor area, premotor area
Internal anatomy: corpus callosum, septum pellucidum
Know the basic functions of
the Basal ganglia and limbic system.
8)
Know the 12 pairs of cranial nerves by name and
number, type and location,
(p.473,493-502)
or (See Table 14-9, page 503).
1) Know the different
classifications of receptors and be able to place receptors into the specific groups
below:
a)
Somatic (somatoceptors) vs.
Visceral (visceroceptors)
b)
General vs. Special
c)
By type of
Stimulus:
1) Mechanoreceptors (tactile
receptors; Merkel's discs; Meissner's corpuscles;
Hair Root Plexuses, Ruffini corpuscles, and Pacinian corpuscles),
2) Thermoreceptors,
3) Proprioceptors
(muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs),
4) Nociceptors,
5) Chemoreceptors,
6) Free nerve endings
d) Types of sensations: cutaneous, crude
touch, discriminative, itch, tickle, fast pain, slow pain, kinesthesia,
2).
Understand the concept of transduction, adaptation (fast vs. slow
adapting receptors), and the difference between phasic
and tonic receptors.
3).
Know the following two types of pain (fast and slow) P. 513. Also know the patterns of referred pain from
the organs indicated in Fig. 15-7 519.
4).
Know the following clinical terms, disorders, and medial terms:
Anencephaly, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis,
Cerebral Palsy (P. 529)
A/P 242, Study Guide: Test # 4
Page 4
5). Know the sensory and motor
tracts found in the spinal cord.
(see Table 15.1, (p
522-523)and Table 15.2, (page527)
For each tract know the following information:
1)
location in the spinal cord
2) if the tract is ascending or descending
3) the basic motor or sensory information conveyed by each
tract
Smell:
1)
Know the structures associated with olfactory
sensations: Olfactory receptor, olfactory
hairs, supporting cells, basal stem cells. olfactory
(Bowman's) gland, olfactory nerves, olfactory bulbs, olfactory tract.
2)
Know the basic pathway for the formation of an
olfactory nerve impulse (fig. 17-1, page 566)
Taste Gustation:
3)
Know the structures associated with gustatory
receptors and the tongue: taste bud, gustatory receptor cells, taste pore,
supporting cells, gustatory hair,
circumvallate papillae, fungiform
papillae, filiform papillae, and foliate papillae.
4) Although it
appears that it may be wrong now, but still covered in the textbook, know the mapping
of the tongue for the four basic tastes: Bitter, Sour, Salty, Sweet (Fig. 17-2,
page 568)
Vision:
5).
Know the external and accessory structures associated with eye
(surface anatomy, internal anatomy, and histology of the retina) listed on
Nervous System list.
(Refer to figures 17(p. 570), 17-4, (p. 572), 17-5, (p.
573), 17-6, (p.575), 17-8 (p, 576) and 17-14 (p. 583).
6). Understand the following concepts associated
with image formation by the eye:
Refraction of light rays, Accommodation, Near point vision, Presbyopia, Myopia, Hyperopia,
Astigmatism, Constriction of the pupil, Convergence. (Refer 17-9, 17-10, 17-11,
and 17-12)
7). Understand the physiology of
photoreceptors:
a)
The role of Photopigments: Rhodopsin, Opsin, retinal, isomerization,
bleaching,
retinal isomerase, and regeneration.
b) Light and dark adaptation.
c) Receptor
potential and neurotransmitter release: cyclic GMP, transducin,
PDE, guanylate cyclase
stimulating factor.
(Refer
to figures 17-13, 17-14, 17-15, and 17-16)
8). Be able to trace to visual pathway
from retinal processing to the visual cortex of the brain.
(rod/cone, bipolar
cell, ganglion cell, optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, lateral geniculate nucleus
of the thalamus, optic radiations, primary visual cortex) (Figure
17-19, page 587)
Auditory:
9).
Know the structures associated with ear (External surface
anatomy, middle ear anatomy, internal ear anatomy, and histology of the
cochlea) listed on Nervous system list. (Refer to figures 17-20, 17-21, 17-22,
and 17-26)
10).
Understand the basic characteristics of sound waves: frequency,
pith, intensity, decibels. (Refer to lab on auditory physiology and figures
17-27, 17-28, and 17-29)
11).
Understand the physiology of hearing; in other words, know how
mechanical sound waves are transmitted and converted into a nerve impulse.
(Refer to pages 599 –600)
Equilibrium:
12). Know the
structure of the inner ear associated with equilibrium listed on the Nervous
system list given out at the start of the nervous System. (Refer to figures
17-23)
13).
Know the difference between static (relationship of your head to
gravity) and dynamic equilibrium (linear acceleration).
14).
Understand the physiology of the saccule,
utricle, and the semicircular ducts.
(Refer to
pages 591-594)
Medical
terms and disorders:
15). Know the following clinical application, disorders, and
medical terms:
a)
disorders: cataract, glaucoma, nystagmus,
vertigo, and Meniere’s disease, conductive deafness,
nerve deafness, astigmatism, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, hyperopia, myopia, night blindness, nystagmus,
otitis media, presbyopia, scotomas,
b)
medical
terminology: anesthesia, hypersthesia, paresthesia
Chapter
16: The Autonomic Nervous System
1).
Understand the basic differences between the Somatic and
Autonomic Nervous Systems. (preganglionic neuron and
postganglionic neuron) (Refer to fig. 16-2, page 535)
2).
Know the basic anatomy of the sympathetic and the parasympathetic
division:
a) Sympathetic
(Thoracolumbar):
short preganglionic fibers, long post ganglionic fibers, sympathetic trunk, paravertebral
ganglia, inferior mesenteric ganglion, superior mesenteric ganglion, celiac
ganglion (Refer to fig. 16-5, page 539).
b)
Parasympathetic (Craniosacral): long
preganglionic fibers, short postganglionic fibers, otic ganglion, submandibular
ganglion, pterygopalatine, ciliary
ganglion (Refer to 16-8page 544).
3).
Know the Neurotransmitter and the specific type of receptors associated with each division of the
ANS. (Refer to table 16-1 and figure
16-10)
4).
Know the major activities or action of the parasympathetic and
sympathetic on the major organs.
(Refer to 16-3, page 548 )